Explain direct memory access.
Direct memory access (DMA) :- It is a feature of modern computers that allows certain hardware subsystems within the computer to access system memory independently of the central processing unit(CPU).
Without DMA, when the CPU is using programmed input/output, it is typically fully occupied for the entire duration of the read or write operation, and is thus unavailable to perform other work. With DMA, the CPU initiates the transfer, does other operations while the transfer is in progress, and receives an interrupt from the DMA controller when the operations is done. This feature is useful any time the CPU cannot keep up with the rate of data transfer, or where the CPU needs to perform useful work while waiting for a relatively slow I/O data transfer. Many hardware systems use DMA, including disk drive controllers, graphics cards, network cards and sound cards. DMA is also used for intra-chip data transfer in multi-core processors. Computers that have DMA channels can transfer data to and from devices with much less CPU overhead than computers without DMA channel. Similarly, a processing element inside a multi core processor can transfer data to and from its local memory without occupying its processor time, allowing computation and data transfer to proceed in parallel.
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